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The charged pion multiplicity ratio in intermediate energy central heavy-ioncollisions has been proposed as a suitable observable to constrain the highdensity dependence of the isovector part of the equation of state, withcontradicting results. Using an upgraded version of the T\"ubingen QMDtransport model, which allows the conservation of energy at a local or globallevel by accounting for the potential energy of hadrons in two-body collisionsand leading thus to particle production threshold shifts, we demonstrate thatcompatible constraints for the symmetry energy stiffness can be extracted frompion multiplicity and elliptic flow observables. Nevertheless, pionmultiplicities are proven to be highly sensitive to the yet unknown isovectorpart of the in-medium $\Delta$(1232) potential which hinders presently theextraction of meaningful information on the high density dependence of thesymmetry energy. A solution to this problem together with the inclusion ofcontributions presently neglected, such as in-medium pion potentials andretardation effects, are needed for a final verdict on this topic.

The impact of energy conservation in transport models on the $\pi^-/\pi^+$ multiplicity ratio in heavy-ion collisions and the symmetry energy