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We consider how the occurrence of first-order phase transitions innon-constant pressure differs from those at constant pressure. The former hasshown the non-linear phase structure of mixed matter, which implies a particlenumber dependence of the binding energies of the two species. If the mixedmatter is mixed hadron-quark phase, nucleon outgoing from hadronic phase andingoing to quark phase probably reduces the system to a non-equilibrium state,in other words, there exists the imbalance of the two phases when deconfinementtakes place. This novel non-equilibrium process is very analogous to thenuclear reactions that nuclei emit neutrons and absorb them under appropriateconditions. We present self-consistent thermodynamics in description for theprocesses and identify the microphysics responsible for the processes. Themicrophysics is an inevitable consequence of non-linear phase structure insteadof the effect of an additional dissipation force. When applying our findings tothe neutron star containing mixed hadron-quark matter, it is found that thenewly discovered energy release might strongly change the thermal evolutionbehavior of the star.

Novel Non-equilibrium Phase Transition Caused by Non-linear Hadronic-quark Phase Structure