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We propose that local parity breaking induced by a large-scale fluctuation oftopological charge at large temperatures and/or condensation of pseudoscalarmesons in the isotriplet channel for large baryon densities may be responsiblefor the substantial dilepton excess that is found for low invariant masses andmoderate values of $p_T$ in central heavy ions collisions. This insofarunexplained enhancement could be understood by a combination of two effectsleading both to an excess of $e^+e^-$ and $\mu^+ \mu^-$ pairs with respect totheoretical predictions based on conventional hadronic processes: (a) amodification of the dispersion relation of photons and vector mesonspropagating in such a nuclear medium due to local parity breaking; (b) theappearance of new decay channels, forbidden by parity conservation in QCD inthe usual vacuum. Possible signatures of this effect and perspectives for itsdetection are discussed.

Dilepton excess from local parity breaking in baryon matter