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We apply the discrete S_3 flavor symmetry to both lepton and quark sectors ofthe standard model extended by introducing one Higgs triplet and realizing thetype-II seesaw mechanism for finite neutrino masses. The resultant massmatrices of charged leptons (M_l), neutrinos (M_nu), up-type quarks (M_u) anddown-type quarks (M_d) have a universal form consisting of two terms: one isproportional to the identity matrix I and the other is proportional to thedemocracy matrix D. We argue that the textures of M_l, M_u and M_d aredominated by the D term, while that of M_nu is dominated by the I term. Thishypothesis implies a near mass degeneracy of three neutrinos and can naturallyexplain why the mass matrices of charged fermions are strongly hierarchical,why the quark mixing matrix is close to I and why the lepton mixing matrixcontains two large angles. We discuss a rather simple perturbation ansatz tobreak the S_3 symmetry and obtain more realistic mass spectra of leptons andquarks as well as their flavor mixing patterns. We stress that the I term,which used to be ignored from M_l, M_u and M_d, is actually important becauseit can significantly modify the smallest lepton flavor mixing angle theta_13 orthree quark flavor mixing angles.

Broken S_3 Flavor Symmetry of Leptons and Quarks: Mass Spectra and Flavor Mixing Patterns