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We present spatio-temporal characteristics of spreading depolarizations (SD)in two experimental systems: retracting SD wave segments observed withintrinsic optical signals in chicken retina, and spontaneously occurringre-entrant SD waves that repeatedly spread across gyrencephalic feline cortexobserved by laser speckle flowmetry. A mathematical framework ofreaction-diffusion systems with augmented transmission capabilities isdeveloped to explain the emergence and transitions between these patterns. Ourprediction is that the observed patterns are reaction-diffusion patternscontrolled and modulated by weak nonlocal coupling. The describedspatio-temporal characteristics of SD are of important clinical relevance underconditions of migraine and stroke. In stroke, the emergence of re-entrant SDwaves is believed to worsen outcome. In migraine, retracting SD wave segmentscause neurological symptoms and transitions to stationary SD wave patterns maycause persistent symptoms without evidence from noninvasive imaging ofinfarction.

Two-dimensional wave patterns of spreading depolarization: retracting, re-entrant, and stationary waves