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To better understand the working principles of Superconducting QuantumInterference Device (SQUID) direct readout schemes, which work in differentbias and amplifier modes with different internal feedback schemes, we presentthe complete circuit analyses on SQUID small-signal model. SQUID bias andamplifier circuits are analyzed using SQUID Thevenin equivalent circuit, andthe general equivalent circuit of SQUID with different internal feedbackschemes is derived and analyzed with a trans-impedance amplifier model.Transfer characteristics and noise performances of different direct readoutschemes are analyzed and experimentally characterized. It is shown thatamplifier noise suppression is only dependent on SQUID flux-to-voltage transfercoefficient and is irrelevant to the configuration of bias and amplifier; SQUIDwith an internal feedback scheme improves the transfer coefficient with voltagefeedback and regulates the dynamic resistance with current feedback.

Small Signal Analysis of SQUID Direct Readout Schemes