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Biology offers a boundless source of adaptation, innovation, and inspiration.A wide range of photosynthetic organisms exist that are capable of harvestingsolar light in an exceptionally efficient way, using abundant and low-costmaterials. These natural light-harvesting complexes consist of proteins thatstrongly bind a high density of chromophores to capture solar photons andrapidly transfer the excitation energy to the photochemical reaction centre.The amount of harvested light is also delicately tuned to the level of solarradiation to maintain a constant energy throughput at the reaction centre andavoid the accumulation of the products of charge separation. In this Review,recent developments in the understanding of light harvesting by plants will bediscussed, based on results obtained from single molecule spectroscopy studies.Three design principles of the main light-harvesting antenna of plants will behighlighted: (a) fine, photoactive control over the intrinsic protein disorderto efficiently use intrinsically available thermal energy dissipationmechanisms; (b) the design of the protein microenvironment of a low-energychromophore dimer to control the amount of shade absorption; (c) the design ofthe exciton manifold to ensure efficient funneling of the harvested light tothe terminal emitter cluster.

Design principles of natural light harvesting as revealed by single molecule spectroscopy