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Many theoretical expressions of dissipation along non-equilibrium processeshave been proposed. However, they have not been fully verified by experiments.Especially for systems strongly interacting with environments the connectionbetween theoretical quantities and standard thermodynamic observables are notclear. We have developed a computer simulation based on a spin-boson model,which is in principle exact and suitable for testing the proposed theories. Wehave noted that the dissipation obtained by measuring conventionalthermodynamic quantities deviates from the second law of thermodynamicspresumably due to the strong coupling. We show that additive correction toentropy makes it more consistent with the second law. This observation appearsto be consistent with the theory based on the potential of mean force.

Entropy production of a small quantum system under strong coupling with an environment: A computational experiment