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We investigate hierarchical structures of the European countries by usingdebt as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the countries as theychange over a certain period of time. We obtain the topological propertiesamong the countries based on debt as a percentage of GDP of European countriesover the period 2000-2011 by using the concept of hierarchical structuremethods (minimal spanning tree, (MST) and hierarchical tree, (HT)). This periodis also divided into two sub-periods related to 2004 enlargement of theEuropean Union, namely 2000-2004 and 2005-2011, in order to test varioustime-window and observe the temporal evolution. The bootstrap techniques isapplied to see a value of statistical reliability of the links of the MSTs andHTs. The clustering linkage procedure is also used to observe the clusterstructure more clearly. From the structural topologies of these trees, weidentify different clusters of countries according to their level of debts andeconomic ties. Our results show that by the debt crisis, the less and mostaffected Eurozones economies are formed as a cluster with each other in theMSTs and hierarchical trees.

Hierarchical structure of the European countries based on debts as a percentage of GDP during the 2000-2011 period