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Bed load transport is the movement of particles along the top of a bedthrough rolling, saltation, and suspension created by turbulent lift above thebed surface. In recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in theidea that bed load transport is significant for proppant transport duringhydraulic fracturing. However, scaling arguments suggest that bed loadtransport is only dominant in the laboratory and is negligible at the fieldscale. I review laboratory experiments that have been used to develop conceptsof bed load transport in hydraulic fracturing. I also review the scalingarguments and laboratory results that have been used to argue that viscousdrag, not bed load transport, is dominant at the field scale. I compareliterature correlations for fluvial sediment transport and for pipeline slurrytransport with published laboratory data on proppant transport in slot flow.The comparisons indicate that fluvial transport correlations are suitable forpredicting the rate of sediment erosion due to flow of proppant-free fluid overa bed. The pipeline slurry correlations are suitable for predicting the abilityof proppant that is already in suspension to flow in bed transport withoutsettling, but only if the aspect ratio of the flowing region in the slot isclose to unity. This can occur at the laboratory scale, but not in the field.The comparison indicates that at low rates of proppant flow, the equilibriumbed height in a laboratory proppant transport experiment can be predicted frompipeline slurry correlations. However, as the volumetric flow rate and theaspect ratio of the flowing region in the slot increase, the applicability ofthe pipeline slurry correlations breaks down. Laboratory experiments usinghigher volumetric flow rate indicate that bed load transport rates are too lowto be significant at the field scale, even if the flow velocity is very high.

journal of petroleum science and engineering

Bed load proppant transport during slickwater hydraulic fracturing:  insights from comparisons between published laboratory data and correlations  for sediment and pipeline slurry transport