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Over the past few decades, tremendous progress has been made in thedevelopment of particle-based discrete simulation methods versus theconventional continuum-based methods. In particular, the lattice Boltzmann (LB)method has evolved from a theoretical novelty to a ubiquitous, versatile andpowerful computational methodology for both fundamental research andengineering applications. It is a kinetic-based mesoscopic approach thatbridges the microscales and macroscales, which offers distinctive advantages insimulation fidelity and computational efficiency. Applications of the LB methodhave been found in a wide range of disciplines including physics, chemistry,materials, biomedicine and various branches of engineering. The present workprovides a comprehensive review of the LB method for thermofluids and energyapplications, focusing on multiphase flows, thermal flows and thermalmultiphase flows with phase change. The review first covers the theoreticalframework of the LB method, revealing the existing inconsistencies and defectsas well as common features of multiphase and thermal LB models. Recentdevelopments in improving the thermodynamic and hydrodynamic consistency,reducing the spurious currents, enhancing the numerical stability, etc., arehighlighted. These efforts have put the LB method on a firmer theoreticalfoundation with enhanced LB models that can achieve larger liquid-gas densityratio, higher Reynolds number and flexible surface tension. Examples ofapplications are provided in fuel cells and batteries, droplet collision,boiling heat transfer and evaporation, and energy storage. Finally, furtherdevelopments and future prospect of the LB method are outlined for thermofluidsand energy applications.

Lattice Boltzmann methods for multiphase flow and phase-change heat transfer