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tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) and tRNA halves (tiRNAs) are originated from the specific cleavage of endogenous tRNAs or their precursors and regulate gene expression when the cells are in stressful circumstances. Here, we replicated the rat common carotid artery (CCA) intimal hyperplasia model and investigated the expression of tRFs/tiRNAs in the artery. The normal and the balloon-injured rat CCAs were subjected to small RNA sequencing, and then the differentially expressed tRFs/tiRNAs were identified and analyzed. The expression profiles of tRFs/tiRNAs in the healthy and injured CCAs were remarkably different. tRNA GlnCTG -derived fragments (tRF GlnCTG ) were found to be overexpressed with a high abundance in the injured CCA. In in vitro experiments, the synthetic tRF GlnCTG mimetics elevated the proliferation and migration of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Through bioinformatics analysis and an overexpression experiment, tRF GlnCTG was found to negatively regulate the expression of FAS cell surface death receptor (FAS). This study revealed that tRF GlnCTG is a crucial regulator in promoting VSMC proliferation. The investigation of the roles of tRFs/tiRNAs is of significance for understanding the mechanism, diagnosis, and treatment of intimal hyperplasia.

tRNA-derived fragments tRFGlnCTG induced by arterial injury promote vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation