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Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are widely used in astroparticle physicsexperiments to detect light flashes (e.g. fluorescence or Cherenkov light) fromextensive air showers (EASs) initiated by statistically rare very high energycosmic particles when travelling through the atmosphere. Their highamplification factor (gain) allows the detection of very low photon fluxes downto single photons. At the same time this sensitivity causes the gain andsignal-to-noise ratio to decrease with collected charge over the lifetime ofthe PMT (referred to as "ageing"). To avoid fast ageing, many experiments limitthe PMT operation to reasonably low night sky background (NSB) conditions.However, in order to collect more event statistics at the highest energies, itis desirable to extend the measurement cycle into (part of) nights with higherNSB levels. In case the signal-to-noise ratio remains large enough in thesubsequent reconstruction of the EAS events, lowering the PMT gain in suchconditions can be an option to avoid faster ageing. In this paper, performancestudies under high NSB with Photonis XP3062 PMTs, as used in the fluorescencedetector of the Pierre Auger Observatory, are presented. The results suggestthat lowering the PMT gain by a factor of 10 while increasing the NSB level bya similar factor does not significantly affect the PMT performance and ageingbehaviour so that detection and offline reconstruction of EASs are stillpossible. Adjusting the PMT gain according to a changing NSB level throughout anight has been shown to be possible and it follows a predictable behaviour.This allows to extend the measurement cycles of experiments, based on PMTs oftype Photonis XP3062 or comparable and exposed to the NSB, to enhance thesensitivity especially at the highest energies where events are very rare.

nuclear instruments and methods in physics research section a accelerators spectrometers detectors and associated equipment

A photomultiplier tube test stand and on-site measurements to  characterise the performance of Photonis XP3062 photomultiplier tubes at  increased background light conditions and lower gain