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In a cyclotron-based proton therapy facility, the energy changes areperformed by means of a degrader of variable thickness. The interaction of theproton beam with the degrader creates energy tails and increases the beamemittance. A precise model of the degraded beam properties is important notonly to better understand the performance of a facility already in operation,but also to support the development of new proton therapy concepts. The exactknowledge of the degraded beam properties, in terms of energy spectrum andtransverse phase space, depends on the model used to describe the protoninteraction with the degrader material. In this work the model of a graphitedegrader has been developed with four Monte Carlo codes: three conventionalMonte Carlo codes (FLUKA, GEANT4 and MCNPX) and the multi-purpose particletracking code OPAL equipped with a simplified Monte Carlo routine. From thecomparison between the different codes, we can deduce how the accuracy of thedegrader model influences the precision of the beam dynamics model of apossible transport line downstream of the degrader.

On the accuracy of Monte Carlo based beam dynamics models for the degrader in proton therapy facilities