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The anticipated performance of calorimeter crystals in the environmentexpected after the planned High-Luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider(HL-LHC) at CERN has to be well understood, before informed decisions can bemade on the need for detector upgrades. Throughout the years of running at theHL-LHC, the detectors will be exposed to considerable fluences of fast hadrons,that have been shown to cause cumulative transparency losses in Lead Tungstatescintillating crystals. In this study, we present direct evidence of the mainunderlying damage mechanism. Results are shown from a test that yields a directinsight into the nature of the hadron-specific damage in Lead Tungstatecalorimeter crystals exposed to 24 GeV/c protons.

A visualization of the damage in Lead Tungstate calorimeter crystals after exposure to high-energy hadrons