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We used the GEANT4 Monte Carlo MC Toolkit to simulate carbon ion beamsincident on water, tissue, and bone, taking into account nuclear fragmentationreactions. Upon increasing the energy of the primary beam, the position of theBragg-Peak transfers to a location deeper inside the phantom. For differentmaterials, the peak is located at a shallower depth along the beam directionand becomes sharper with increasing electron density NZ. Subsequently, thegenerated depth dose of the Bragg curve is then benchmarked with experimentaldata from GSI in Germany. The results exhibit a reasonable correlation with GSIexperimental data with an accuracy of between 0.02 and 0.08 cm, thusestablishing the basis to adopt MC in heavy-ion treatment planning. TheKolmogorov-Smirnov K-S test further ascertained from a statistical point ofview that the simulation data matched the experimentally measured data verywell. The two-dimensional isodose contours at the entrance were compared tothose around the peak position and in the tail region beyond the peak, showingthat bone produces more dose, in comparison to both water and tissue, due tosecondary doses. In the water, the results show that the maximum energydeposited per fragment is mainly attributed to secondary carbon ions, followedby secondary boron and beryllium. Furthermore, the number of protons producedis the highest, thus making the maximum contribution to the total dosedeposition in the tail region. Finally, the associated spectra of neutrons andphotons were analyzed. The mean neutron energy value was found to be 16.29 MeV,and 1.03 MeV for the secondary gamma. However, the neutron dose was found to benegligible as compared to the total dose due to their longer range.

Bragg-Curve Simulation of Carbon-Ion Beams for Particle-therapy Applications: a study with the GEANT4 toolkit