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The current methods for characterization of frequency-dependent materialproperties of human liver are very limited. In fact, there is almost no dataavailable in the literature showing the variation in dynamic elastic modulus ofhealthy or diseased human liver as a function of excitation frequency. We showthat frequency-dependent dynamic material properties of a whole human liver canbe easily and efficiently characterized by an impact hammer. The procedure onlyinvolves a light impact force applied to the tested liver by a hand-heldhammer. The results of our experiments conducted with 15 human livers harvestedfrom the patients having some form of liver disease show that the proposedapproach can successfully differentiate the level of fibrosis in human liver.We found that the storage moduli of the livers having no fibrosis (F0) and thatof the cirrhotic livers (F4) varied from 10 to 20 kPa and 20 to 50 kPa for thefrequency range of 0 to 80 Hz, respectively.

Characterization of Frequency-Dependent Material Properties of Human Liver and its Pathologies Using an Impact Hammer