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The Campi Flegrei caldera (southern Italy) is one of the most hazardousvolcanic systems on Earth, having produced >60 eruptions in the past 15 ka. Thecaldera remains active and its potential for future eruptions is high, posing adanger to the dense population living nearby. Despite this, our understandingof pre-eruptive processes and the architecture of the sub-volcanic system arepoorly constrained. Here, we combine established petrological techniques,geothermobarometric evaluation, and high resolution trace element crystalmapping, to present a multifaceted, coherent reconstruction of the complex preeruptive dynamics and eruption timescales of Astroni volcano located in theeastern sector of Campi Flegrei caldera. The Astroni volcano is an importantcase study for investigating plumbing system processes and dynamics at CampiFlegrei caldera because it produced the most recent (ca. 4 ka ago) Plinianeruption within the caldera (Astroni 6); current long-term forecasting studiespostulate that a similar sized event in this location is a probable futurescenario. Geothermobarometric results indicate interaction between an evolved,shallow magma chamber, and a less evolved, deeper pocket of magma, in agreementwith previous studies focused on the Astroni 6 eruption products. In addition,a range of textural and trace element zoning patterns point to a complexevolution of both magmas prior to their subsequent interaction. High resolutiontrace element crystal maps reveal discrete zonations in compatible elements.These zonations, combined with knowledge of Kfeldspar growth rates, highlight arecharge event in the shallow plumbing system a few hours to days before theAstroni 6 eruption.

Tracking plumbing system dynamics at the Campi Flegrei caldera, Italy: High-resolution trace element mapping of the Astroni crystal cargo