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The pressure, temperature, and timing (PTt) conditions at which CO2 wasproduced during the Himalayan prograde metamorphism have been constrained,focusing on the most abundant calcsilicate rock type in the Himalaya. Adetailed petrological modeling of a clinopyroxene, scapolite, Kfeldspar,plagioclase, quartz, calcite calcsilicate rock allowed the identification andfull characterization, for the first time, of different metamorphic reactionsleading to the simultaneous growth of titanite and CO2 production. The resultsof thermometric determinations (Zr in Ttn thermometry) and UPb geochronologicalanalyses suggest that, in the studied lithology, most titanite grains grewduring two nearly consecutive episodes of titanite formation: a nearpeak eventat 730 740 {\deg}C, 10 kbar, 30 26 Ma, and a peak event at 740 765 {\deg}C,10.5 kbar, 25 20 Ma. Both episodes of titanite growth are correlated withspecific CO2producing reactions and constrain the timing, duration and PTconditions of the main CO2producing events, as well as the amounts of CO2produced (1.4 1.8 wt percent of CO2). A firstorder extrapolation of such CO2amounts to the orogen scale provides metamorphic CO2 fluxes ranging between 1.4and 19.4 Mt yr; these values are of the same order of magnitude as thepresentday CO2 fluxes degassed from spring waters located along the MainCentral Thrust. We suggest that these metamorphic CO2 fluxes should beconsidered in any future attempts of estimating the global budget of nonvolcanic carbon fluxes from the lithosphere.

Titanite-bearing calc-silicate rocks constrain timing, duration and magnitude of metamorphic CO2 degassing in the Himalayan belt