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ObjectiveUnderstanding cardiac function requires knowledge of the architecture responsible for the normal actions of emptying and filling. Newer imaging methods are surveyed to characterize directional (narrowing, shortening, lengthening, and widening) and twisting motions.MethodsThese movements are defined and then compared with a spectrum of models to introduce a useful “functional anatomy” that explains cardiac spatial and temporal relationships. The sequential nature of normal contraction differs from a synchronous beat.ResultsThe prior concept of constriction is replaced by understanding that clockwise and counterclockwise helical motions are necessary to cause the predominant twisting motion. The helical ventricular myocardial band model of Torrent-Guasp fulfills the architectural structure to define normal function. Expansion of information from this model allows novel understanding of mechanisms that explains why a component of ventricular suction involves a systolic event, clarifies septum function, determines diastolic dysfunction, introduces new treatments, shows how knowledge of the helical structure influences understanding of atrioventricular and biventricular pacing, and creates novel methods for introducing septal pacing stimuli.ConclusionFurther testing of these spatial anatomic concepts is needed to create a more accurate understanding of the architectural mechanisms that underlie cardiac dynamics to address future problems in unhealthy hearts

Structure and function relationships of the helical ventricular myocardial band