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Fixing a software error requires understanding its root cause. In this paper,we introduce ''causality traces'', crafted execution traces augmented with theinformation needed to reconstruct the causal chain from the root cause of a bugto an execution error. We propose an approach and a tool, called Casper, fordynamically constructing causality traces for null dereference errors. The coreidea of Casper is to inject special values, called ''ghosts'', into theexecution stream to construct the causality trace at runtime. We evaluate ourcontribution by providing and assessing the causality traces of 14 real nulldereference bugs collected over six large, popular open-source projects. Overthis data set, Casper builds a causality trace in less than 5 seconds.

Casper: Debugging Null Dereferences with Dynamic Causality Traces