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Impedance-based temperature detection (ITD) is a promising approach for rapidestimation of internal cell temperature based on the correlation betweentemperature and electrochemical impedance. Previously, ITD was used as part ofan Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) state-estimator in conjunction with a thermalmodel to enable estimation of the 1-D temperature distribution of a cylindricallithium-ion battery. Here, we extend this method to enable estimation of the2-D temperature field of a battery with temperature gradients in both theradial and axial directions.  An EKF using a parameterised 2-D spectral-Galerkin model with ITD measurementinput (the imaginary part of the impedance at 215 Hz) is shown to accuratelypredict the core temperature and multiple surface temperatures of a 32113LiFePO$_4$ cell, using current excitation profiles based on an Artemis HEVdrive cycle. The method is validated experimentally on a cell fitted with aheat sink and asymmetrically cooled via forced air convection.  A novel approach to impedance-temperature calibration is also presented,which uses data from a single drive cycle, rather than measurements at multipleuniform cell temperatures as in previous studies. This greatly reduces the timerequired for calibration, since it overcomes the need for repeated cell thermalequalization.

journal of power sources

On-board monitoring of 2-D spatially-resolved temperatures in  cylindrical lithium-ion batteries: Part II. State estimation via  impedance-based temperature sensing