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Deploying sensor nodes randomly most of the time generates initialcommunication hole even in highly dense networks. These communication holescannot be totally eliminated even when the deployment is done in a structuredmanner. In either case, the resulting inter-node distances may degrade theperformance of the network. This paper proposes an enhanced deploymentalgorithm based on Artificial Bees Colony (ABC). The ABC-based deployment isguaranteed to extend the lifetime by optimizing the network parameters andconstraining the total number of deployed relays. Simulations validate theeffectiveness of the proposed strategy under different cases of problemcomplexity. Results show that the proposed approach improves the networklifetime considerably when compared to solutions reported in the literaturesuch as Shortest Path 3-D grid Deployment (SP3D) algorithm.  Keywords: Artificial Bee Colony, Wiener index, optimization, relay nodes,Laplacian matrix, connected graph, vertex, edge, average distance, Laplacianmatrix, Shortest Path 3-D grid Deployment, ABC, SP3D, RNs/CHs, ILDCC, SPRN,O3DwLC, algorithm, approach, single objective, multi objective, eigenvalue,First Phase Relay Nodes, NP-Hard, Deployment, proposed, second phase relaynodes, Ideal Media Access Control, cluster head, Minimum Spanning Tree,non-deterministic polynomial-time hard, two-layer hierarchical structure,Optimized 3-D deployment with Lifetime Constraints, flux, Wireless SensorNetwork, size, Lifetime, Network load, number of nodes using packets,Connectivity, two layered, protocols, collision and interference.

Optimal Placement of Relay Nodes in Wireless Sensor Network Using Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm