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Contraction assay based on surface measurement have been widely used toevaluate cell contractility in 3D models. This method is straightforward andrequires no specific equipment, but it does not provide quantitative data aboutcontraction forces generated by cells. We expanded this method with a newbiomechanical model, based on the work-energy theorem, to providenon-destructive longitudinal monitoring of contraction forces generated bycells in 3D.We applied this method on hydrogels seeded with either fibroblastsor osteoblasts. Hydrogel mechanical characteristics were modulated to enhance(condition HCA$_{High}$: hydrogel contraction assay high contraction) or limit(condition HCA$_{Low}$: hydrogel contraction assay low contraction) cellcontractile behaviors. Macroscopic measures were further correlated with cellcontractile behavior and descriptive analysis of their physiology in responseto different mechanical environments. Fibroblasts and osteoblasts contractedtheir matrix up to 47% and 77% respectively. Contraction stress peaked at day 5with 1.1 10$^{-14}$Pa for fibroblasts and 3.5 10$^{-14}$Pa for osteoblasts,which correlated with cell attachment and spreading. Negligible contraction wasseen in HCA$_{Low}$. Both fibroblasts and osteoblasts expressed $\alpha$-SMAcontractile fibers in HCA$_{High}$ and HCA$_{Low}$. Failure to contractHCA$_{Low}$ was attributed to increased cross-linking and resistance toproteolytic degradation of the hydrogel.

Quantification of cell contractile behavior based on non-destructive macroscopic measurement of tension forces on bioprinted hydrogel