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We investigate the dynamic response of flexible aircraft in low-altitudeatmospheric turbulence. To this end, three turbulence models of increasingfidelity, namely, the one-dimensional von K{\'a}rm{\'a}n model, thetwo-dimensional Kaimal model and full three-dimensional wind fields extractedfrom large-eddy simulations (LES) are used to simulate ambient turbulence nearthe ground. Load calculations and flight trajectory predictions are conductedfor a flexible high-aspect ratio aircraft, using a fully coupled nonlinearflight dynamics/aeroelastic model, when it operates in background atmosphericturbulence generated by the aforementioned models. Comparison of load envelopesand spectral content, on vehicles of varying flexibility, shows strongdependency between the selected turbulence model and aircraft aeroelasticresponse (e.g. 58\% difference in the predicted magnitude of the wing rootbending moment between LES and von K{\'a}rm{\'a}n models). This is mainly dueto the presence of large flow structures at low altitudes that have comparabledimensions to the vehicle, and which despite the relatively small wind speedswithin the Earth boundary layer, result in overall high load events. Resultsshow that one-dimensional models that do not capture those effects providefairly non-conservative load estimates and are unsuitable for very flexibleairframe design.

Assessment of low-altitude atmospheric turbulence models for aircraft aeroelasticity