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We report on a novel room temperature approach for the synthesis ofenvironmentally-friendly copper zinc tin sulfide ($Cu_2ZnSnS_4$) nanoparticles.The method is shown to be compositionally robust and able to produce$S^{2-}$-stabilized carbon-free nanoparticle inks that are suitable for anabsorber layer in solar cells. No organic residues from the process weredetected. The metal-composition and the occurrence of secondary phases is herecorrelated with synthesis conditions: By utilizing a reactant concentration ofCu/Sn < 1.8 and Sn(II) as tin-source it is possible to avoid the formation of$Cu_xS$-phases, which are detrimental for the solar cell performance whenpresent in the final absorber layer. With nanoparticle sizes approaching theBohr radius for $Cu_2ZnSnS_4$, the band gap can be broadened up to 1.7 eV. Inaddition, the conditions for forming stable, carbon-free aqueous inks of such$Cu_2ZnSnS_4$ nanoparticles are investigated and the stabilizing$NH_4^+/S^{2-}$-ion concentration affects the quality of the deposited absorberlayer. The use of room temperature synthesis and stable aqueous inkformulations make the method suitable for roll-to-roll fabrication andupscaling.

journal of alloys and compounds

Stable, carbon-free inks of Cu2ZnSnS4 nanoparticles synthesized at room  temperature designed for roll-to-roll fabrication of solar cell absorber  layers