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In this investigation, Gd and Mn co-dopedBi$_{0.85}$Gd$_{0.15}$Fe$_{1-x}$Mn$_x$O$_3$ (x=0.0-0.15) nanoparticles havebeen prepared to report the influence of co-substitution on their structural,optical, magnetic and electrical properties. Due to simultaneous substitutionof Gd and Mn in BiFeO$_3$, the crystal structure has been modified fromrhombohedral (R3c) to orthorhombic (Pn21a) and the Fe-O-Fe bond angle and Fe-Obond length have been changed. For Mn doping up to 10 % inBi$_{0.85}$Gd$_{0.15}$Fe$_{1-x}$Mn$_x$O$_3$ nanoparticles, the saturationmagnetization (Ms) has been enhanced significantly, however, for a furtherincrease of doping up to 15 %, the Ms has started to reduce again. Theco-substitution of Gd and Mn in BiFeO$_3$ nanoparticles also demonstrates astrong reduction in the optical band gap energy and electrical resistivitycompared to that of undoped BiFeO$_3$.

Saturation magnetization and band gap tuning in BiFeO$_3$ nanoparticles via co-substitution of Gd and Mn