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Plasma technologies are a promising way of addressing a number of challengesin combustion, ranging from stabilization and flame-holding for hypersonicvehicles, to enabling low-emissions propulsion and power. Whereas most works inthe literature have centered on the forward problem: the impact of the plasmaon different combustion metrics, including static and dynamic flamestabilization; fewer studies have been devoted to the backward problem: or thesignificance of having a strongly inhomogeneous environment, often unsteady intime, on the discharge characteristics. In this perspectives article, thebackward problem is addressed in a hierarchical manner. First, the implicationsof the discharge proceeding in an inhomogeneous background gas, with gradientsin density and composition, and nonuniform flows, are discussed. Next, thesefoundation experiments are used as elementary building blocks to explainexperiments of nanosecond pulsed discharges in dynamic combustion environments,including a transient laminar flame and a combustor undergoing dynamics.Finally, the strong coupling between the forward and backward problem isillustrated with an imaging study, using transparent electrodes, of a mesoscalepremixed flame and a nanosecond pulsed dielectric barrier discharge. Theexperiments demonstrate the importance of considering the pulse-to-pulseevolution due to changes in the background environment when using plasmaassistance in unsteady combustion processes, including active control ofcombustion dynamics.

The Backward Problem in Plasma-Assisted Combustion: Experiments of Nanosecond Pulsed Discharges Driven by Flames