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During the operation of a seismic airgun source, a certain amount ofcompressed high-pressure air is released from the airgun chamber into thesurrounding water, generating an expanding toroidal bubble attached to theairgun-body. The subsequent oscillations of the bubble generate low-frequencypressure waves, which are used to map the ocean subbottom, e.g., to locate oiland gas reserves. The bubble dynamic behavior and the emitted pressure wavesare inevitably influenced by the airgun-body. However, the bubble-airgun-bodyinteraction is far from well understood. This paper investigates the stronginteraction between a long cylinder and an attached toroidal bubble viahundreds of boundary integral simulations, aiming to provide new physicalinsights for airgun-bubble dynamics. Firstly, the overall physical phenomenaare discussed and three types of bubble collapse patterns are identified,namely (i) upward jetting due to gravity, (ii) annular jet toward the cylinderbody and (iii) weak/no jet. Thereafter, we investigate the effects of thecylinder radius, initial bubble pressure and Froude number on the bubbleoscillation period and the pressure wave induced by the bubble. At last, theimpact of a cylinder on a Sercel type airgun-bubble is discussed with aparticular focus on the spectrum of the pressure waves.

Dynamics of a toroidal bubble on a cylinder surface with an application to geophysical exploration