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The vaporization of a freely moving drop in a uniform, high-temperature gasstream is investigated through direct numerical simulation. The incompressibleNavier-Stokes equations with surface tension and phase change are solved inconjunction with the energy equations of each phase. The sharp liquid-gasinterface is tracked using the geometric Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) method and animmersed Dirichlet boundary condition for temperature is imposed at theinterface. The simulation approach is validated by simulating water and acetonedrops at nearly zero Weber numbers, and the simulation results agree very wellwith the empirical relation for spherical drops. Parametric simulations wereconducted to investigate the aerodynamic breakup of vaporizing drops at low tomoderate Weber and Reynolds numbers. The range of Weber numbers considered hascovered the vibrational and bag breakup regimes. Through the simulationresults, we have characterized the impact of drop deformation and breakup onthe drop vaporization rate. When the drop Weber number increases, the windwardsurface area increases more rapidly over time. As a result, the rate of dropvolume reduction also increases. The correlation between the vaporization rateand the windward surface area is examined for different Weber and Reynoldsnumbers. Using the approximate correlation between the drop vaporization rateand the windward surface area and the TAB model for drop deformation, a newtime-dependent drop vaporization model is proposed. The present model agreeswell with the simulation results and shows a significant improvement over theconventional model for spherical drops.

Simulation and modeling of the vaporization of a freely moving and deforming drop at low to moderate Weber numbers