Real-Time Passive Control of Wave Energy Converters Using the Hilbert-Huang Transform

Passive loading is a suboptimal method of control for wave energy converters (WECs) that usually consists of tuning the power take-off (PTO) damping of the WEC to either the energy or the peak frequency of the local wave spectrum. Such approach results in a good solution for waves characterized by one-peak narrowband spectra. Nonetheless, real ocean waves are non-stationary by nature, and sea wave profiles with different spectral distribution occur in a specific location over time. Thus, the average energy absorption of passively controlled WECs tends to be low. In this paper, we propose a real-time passive control (PC) based on the Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT), where the PTO damping is time-varying and tuned to the instantaneous frequency of the wave excitation force. The instantaneous frequency is calculated by using the HHT, an analysis method for nonlinear and non-stationary signals that relies on the local characteristic time-scale of the signal. A performance comparison (in terms of energy absorption) of the proposed solution with the passive loading method is presented for a heaving system, in a variety of wave spectra. It is shown that a performance improvement of up to 21%, or 65%, is obtained for the proposed PC scheme, when it is compared to passive loading tuned to the energy, or the peak frequency of the spectrum, respectively. Real ocean waves off the west coast of Ireland are adopted in the simulations.