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The endemic pine, Pinus canariensis, forms one of the main forest ecosystemsin the Canary Islands. In this archipelago, pine forest is a mosaic of naturalstands (remnants of past forest overexploitation) and artificial stands plantedfrom the 1940's. The genetic makeup of the artificially regenerated forest isof some concern. The use of reproductive material with uncontrolled origin orfrom a reduced number of parental trees may produce stands ill adapted to localconditions or unable to adapt in response to environmental change. The geneticdiversity within a transect of reforested stands connecting two natural forestfragments has been studied with nuclear and chloroplast microsatellites. Littlegenetic differentiation and similar levels of genetic diversity to thesurrounding natural stands were found for nuclear markers. However, chloroplastmicrosatellites presented lower haplotype diversity in reforested stands, andthis may be a consequence of the lower effective population size of thechloroplast genome, meaning chloroplast markers have a higher sensitivity tobottlenecks. Understory natural regeneration within the reforestation was alsoanalysed to study gene flow from natural forest into artificial stands.Estimates of immigration rate into artificially regenerated forest were high(0.68-0.75), producing a significant increase of genetic diversity (both inchloroplast and nuclear microsatellites), which indicates the capacity forgenetic recovery for P. canariensis reforestations surrounded by larger naturalstands.

Natural recovery of genetic diversity by gene flow in reforested areas of the endemic Canary Island pine, Pinus canariensis