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To better understand and manage complex systems like ecosystems it iscritical to know the relative contribution of system components to systemfunctioning. Ecologists and social scientists have described many ways thatindividuals can be important; This paper makes two key contributions to thisresearch area. First, it shows that throughflow, the total energy-matterentering or exiting a system component, is a global indicator of the relativecontribution of the component to the whole system activity. It is globalbecause it includes the direct and indirect exchanges among community members.Further, throughflow is a special case of Hubbell status as defined in socialscience. This recognition effectively joins the concepts, enabling ecologiststo use and build on the broader centrality research in network science. Second,I characterize the distribution of throughflow in 45 empirically-based trophicecosystem models. Consistent with expectations, this analysis shows that asmall fraction of the system components are responsible for the majority of thesystem activity. In 73% of the ecosystem models, 20% or less of the nodesgenerate 80% or more of the total system throughflow. Four or fewer dominantnodes are required to account for 50% of the total system activity. 121 of the130 dominant nodes in the 45 ecosystem models could be classified as primaryproducers, dead organic matter, or bacteria. Thus, throughflow centralityindicates the rank power of the ecosystems components and shows the powerconcentration in the primary production and decomposition cycle. Although theseresults are specific to ecosystems, these techniques build on flow analysisbased on economic input-output analysis. Therefore these results should beuseful for ecosystem ecology, industrial ecology, the study of urbanmetabolism, as well as other domains using input-output analysis.

Throughflow centrality is a global indicator of the functional importance of species in ecosystems