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Background  A wide range of host restriction factors (RF) become upregulated upon HIV-1 infection to suppress viral infectivity and may aid viremic control  in vivo . This cross-sectional study evaluated HIV-1 RFs and dependency factors in HIV infected individuals with progressive or non-progressive infection, as well as in early and late treated cohorts that exhibit different viro-immunological profiles due to differences in timing of treatment-initiation.    Methods  The expression profile of  IFIT1 ,  MX1 ,  APOBEC3G ,  SAMHD1 ,  BST2  (encoding TETHERIN),  TRIM5 ,  MX2 ,  SLFN11 ,  PAF1 ,  PSIP1  (encoding LEDGF/p75), and  NLRX1  was measured by qPCR in 104 HIV-1 positive individuals: seroconverters (SRCV;  n  = 19), long term non-progressors (LTNP;  n  = 17), viremic progressors (VP;  n  = 12), patients treated during seroconversion (Early treated;  n  = 24) or chronic infection (Late treated;  n  = 32), and non-infected controls.    Findings  Expression levels of early treated HIV-1 positive individuals were significantly upregulated in comparison to late treated patients ( IFIT1 :  p  = 0·0003;  MX1 :  p  = 0·008;  APOBEC3G :  p  = 0·002;  SAMHD1 :  p  = 0·0008;  SLFN11 :  p  BST2 :  p  SLFN11 ,  BST2 , and  SAMHD1  were highly expressed in LTNPs at comparable levels as in early treated HIV-1 positive individuals. Furthermore,  SLFN11  and  SAMHD1  expression negatively correlated with total and integrated HIV-1 DNA levels.    Interpretation  Early treatment initiation maintains initial RF elevation even after a decade of ART. Elevated expression of  SLFN11 ,  BST2 , and  SAMHD1  in LTNP and early treated subjects implies that these RFs may be associated with spontaneous virological control.

Early treated HIV-1 positive individuals demonstrate similar restriction factor expression profile as long-term non-progressors