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This paper describes the architecture, the development and the implementationof Janus II, a new generation application-driven number cruncher optimized forMonte Carlo simulations of spin systems (mainly spin glasses). This domain ofcomputational physics is a recognized grand challenge of high-performancecomputing: the resources necessary to study in detail theoretical models thatcan make contact with experimental data are by far beyond those available usingcommodity computer systems. On the other hand, several specific features of theassociated algorithms suggest that unconventional computer architectures, whichcan be implemented with available electronics technologies, may lead to orderof magnitude increases in performance, reducing to acceptable values on humanscales the time needed to carry out simulation campaigns that would takecenturies on commercially available machines. Janus II is one such machine,recently developed and commissioned, that builds upon and improves on thesuccessful JANUS machine, which has been used for physics since 2008 and isstill in operation today. This paper describes in detail the motivations behindthe project, the computational requirements, the architecture and theimplementation of this new machine and compares its expected performances withthose of currently available commercial systems.

Janus II: a new generation application-driven computer for spin-system simulations