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WebAssembly has become a crucial part of the modern web, offering a fasteralternative to JavaScript in browsers. While boosting rich applications inbrowser, this technology is also very efficient to develop cryptojackingmalware. This has triggered the development of several methods to detectcryptojacking malware. However, these defenses have not considered thepossibility of attackers using evasion techniques. This paper explores howautomatic binary diversification can support the evasion of WebAssemblycryptojacking detectors. We experiment with a dataset of 33 WebAssemblycryptojacking binaries and evaluate our evasion technique against two malwaredetectors: VirusTotal, a general-purpose detector, and MINOS, aWebAssembly-specific detector. Our results demonstrate that our technique canautomatically generate variants of WebAssembly cryptojacking that evade thedetectors in 90% of cases for VirusTotal and 100% for MINOS. Our resultsemphasize the importance of meta-antiviruses and diverse detection techniques,and provide new insights into which WebAssembly code transformations are bestsuited for malware evasion. We also show that the variants introduce limitedperformance overhead, making binary diversification an effective technique forevasion.

WebAssembly Diversification for Malware Evasion