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he technology on infrared remote control is widely applied in human dailylife. It is also applied in the place with a top security level. Infraredremote control signal is regarded as a simple, safe and clean resource that canhelp us control the electrical appliances nearby. In this paper, we buildIREXF, a novel infrared optical covert channel from a well-protected air-gappednetwork via a malicious infrared module implanted previously into a keyboard. Amalware preinstalled in the air-gapped PC receives the data from the maliciousinfrared module to study the infrared surroundings in the air-gapped network.Once a suitable appliance is found, infrared remote control commands will besent in a proper time. With the development of technology on Internet ofThings, more and more electrical appliances can access Internet. Those infraredcommand signals exfiltrating out of the air-gapped network can be received byan appliance without any malicious configuration. In our experiment, via asmart TV set-top box, the rate of the covert channel can be up to 2.62 bits persecond without any further optimization. Finally, we give a list ofcountermeasures to detect and eliminate this kind of covert channels.

IREXF: Data Exfiltration from Air-gapped Networks by Infrared Remote Control Signals