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The sensitizing effect of cavities in the form of microbubbles on the shockinitiation of a homogeneous liquid explosive is studied computationally. Whilethe presence of voids in an explosive has long been known to induce so-calledhot spots that greatly accelerate the global reaction rate, the ability tocomputationally resolve the details of the interaction of the shock front withheterogeneities existing on the scale of the detonation reaction zone has onlyrecently become feasible. In this study, the influence of the spatialdistribution of air-filled cavities has been examined, enabled by the use ofgraphic processing unit (GPU) accelerated computations that can resolve shockinitiation and detonation propagation through an explosive while fullyresolving features at the mesoscale. Different spatial distributions ofcavities are examined in two-dimensional simulations, including regular arraysof cavities, slightly perturbed arrays, random arrays (with varying minimumspacing being imposed on the cavities), and randomly distributed clusters ofcavities. The presence of the cavities is able to reduce the time required toinitiate detonation---for a given input shock strength---by greater than 50%,in agreement with previous experimental results. Randomly distributing thecavities results in a 15-20% decrease in detonation initiation time incomparison to a regular array of cavities. Clustering the cavities---as wouldoccur in the case of agglomeration---results in an additional 10% decrease indetonation initiation time in comparison to random arrays. The effect ofclustering is shown not to be a result of the clusters forming an effectivelylarger cavity, but rather due to interactions between clusters upon shockloading occurring on the microscale.

Effect of spatial distribution of mesoscale heterogeneities on the shock-to-detonation transition in liquid nitromethane