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Accurate and efficient prediction of soft tissue temperatures is essential tocomputer-assisted treatment systems for thermal ablation. It can be used topredict tissue temperatures and ablation volumes for personalised treatmentplanning and image-guided intervention. Numerically, it requires full nonlinearmodelling of the coupled computational bioheat transfer and biomechanics, andefficient solution procedures; however, existing studies considered the bioheatanalysis alone or the coupled linear analysis, without the fully couplednonlinear analysis. We present a coupled thermo-visco-hyperelastic finiteelement algorithm, based on finite-strain thermoelasticity and total Lagrangianexplicit dynamics. It considers the coupled nonlinear analysis of (i) bioheattransfer under soft tissue deformations and (ii) soft tissue deformations dueto thermal expansion/shrinkage. The presented method accounts for anisotropic,finite-strain, temperature-dependent, thermal, and viscoelastic behaviours ofsoft tissues, and it is implemented using GPU acceleration for real-timecomputation. We also demonstrate the translational benefits of the presentedmethod for clinical applications using a simulation of thermal ablation in theliver. The key advantage of the presented method is that it enables fullnonlinear modelling of the anisotropic, finite-strain, temperature-dependent,thermal, and viscoelastic behaviours of soft tissues, instead of linearelastic, linear viscoelastic, and thermal-only modelling in the existingmethods. It also provides high computational speeds for computer-assistedtreatment systems towards enabling the operator to simulate thermal ablationaccurately and visualise tissue temperatures and ablation zones immediately.

Towards real-time finite-strain anisotropic thermo-visco-elastodynamic analysis of soft tissues for thermal ablative therapy