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During thermal heating surgical procedures such as electrosurgery, thermalablative treatment and hyperthermia, soft tissue deformation due to tool-tissueinteraction and patients' motion can affect the distribution of induced thermalenergy. Tissue temperature must be efficiently and accurately obtained fromdeformed tissues for precise thermal energy delivery; however, the classicalPennes bio-heat transfer can handle only the static non-moving state of softtissue. This paper presents a formulation of bio-heat transfer under the effectof tissue deformation for fast or near real-time tissue temperaturecomputation, based on fast explicit dynamics finite element algorithm fortransient heat transfer. The proposed computation is achieved by transformationof the unknown deformed tissue state to the known initial non-moving state viaa mapping function. The appropriateness and effectiveness of the proposedmethodology are evaluated on a realistic virtual human liver with blood vesselsto demonstrate a clinically relevant scenario of thermal ablation of hepaticcancer. Compared against the established non-linear procedures from commercialfinite element analysis package, ABAQUS/CAE, the proposed methodology canachieve a typical 1.0e-3 level of normalized relative error at nodes andbetween 1.0e-4 and 1.0e-5 level of total errors, which is in good agreementwith ABAQUS solutions. The proposed method consumes slightly more time than theformulation without soft tissue deformation, and computation performance offive different formulations are examined. The proposed method can be appliedwith bio-mechanical deformable models for fast or near real-time computation ofnon-linear bio-heat transfer, leading to translational potential in dynamictissue temperature predictive analysis and thermal dosimetry computation forcomputer-integrated medical education and personalized treatments.

Fast computation of soft tissue thermal response under deformation based on fast explicit dynamics finite element algorithm for surgical simulation