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We analyse transcriptional bursting within a stochastic non-equilibrium modelwhich accounts for the coupling between the dynamics of DNA supercoiling andgene transcription. We find a clear signature of bursty transcription whenthere is a separation between the timescales of transcription initiation andsupercoiling dissipation - the latter may either be diffusive or mediated bytopological enzymes, such as type I or type II topoisomerases. In multigenicDNA domains we observe either bursty transcription, or transcription waves; thetype of behaviour can be selected for by controlling gene activity andorientation. In the bursty phase, the statistics of supercoiling fluctuationsat the promoter are markedly non-Gaussian.

Transcriptional bursts in a non-equilibrium model for gene regulation by supercoiling