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Why is the spine of a neuron so small that only small numbers of moleculescan exist and reactions inevitably become stochastic? Despite such noisyconditions, we previously showed that the spine exhibits robust, sensitive andefficient features of information transfer using probability of Ca$^{2+}$increase; however, their mechanisms remains unknown. Here we show that thesmall-volume effect enables robust, sensitive and efficient informationtransfer in the spine volume, but not in the cell volume. In the spine volume,intrinsic noise in reactions becomes larger than extrinsic noise of input,making robust information transfer against input fluctuation. Stochasticfacilitation of Ca$^{2+}$ increase occurs in the spine volume, making highersensitivity to lower intensity of input. Volume-dependency of informationtransfer enables efficient information transfer per input in the spine volume.Thus, we propose that the small-volume effect is the functional reasons why thespine has to be so small.

Small-volume effect enables the spine robust, sensitive and efficient information transfer