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The bending of cilia and flagella is driven by forces generated by dyneinmotor proteins. These forces slide adjacent microtubule doublets within theaxoneme, the motile cytoskeletal structure. To create regular, oscilla- torybeating patterns, the activities of the axonemal dyneins must be coordinatedboth spatially and temporally. It is thought that coordination is mediated bystresses or strains, which build up within the moving axoneme, and somehowregulate dynein activity. While experimenting with axonemes subjected to mildproteolysis, we observed pairs of doublets associate with each other and formbends with almost constant curvature. By model- ing the statics of a pair offilaments, we show that the activity of the motors concentrates at the distaltips of the doublets. Furthermore, we show that this distribution of motoractivity accords with models in which curvature, or curvature-induced normalforces, regulates the activity of the motors. These observations, together withour theoretical analysis, provide evidence that dynein activity can beregulated by curvature or normal forces, which may, therefore, play a role incoordinating the beating of cilia and flagella.

Motor regulation results in distal forces that bend partially disintegrated Chlamydomonas axonemes into circular arcs