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Mechanical characteristics of single biological cells are used to identifyand possibly leverage interesting differences among cells or cell populations.Fluidity---hysteresivity normalized to the extremes of an elastic solid or aviscous liquid---can be extracted from, and compared among, multiplerheological measurements of cells: creep compliance vs. time, complex modulusvs. frequency, and phase lag vs. frequency. With multiple strategies availablefor acquisition of this nondimensional property, fluidity may serve as a usefuland robust parameter for distinguishing cell populations, and for understandingthe physical origins of deformability in soft matter. Here, for three disparateeukaryotic cell types deformed in the suspended state via optical stretching,we examine the dependence of fluidity on chemical and environmental influencesaround a time scale of 1 s. We find that fluidity estimates are consistent inthe time and the frequency domains under a structural damping (power-law orfractional derivative)model, but not under an equivalent-complexitylumpedcomponent (spring-dashpot) model; the latter predicts spurious timeconstants. Although fluidity is suppressed by chemical crosslinking, we findthat adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion in the cell does not measurablyalter the parameter, and thus conclude that active ATP-driven events are not acrucial enabler of fluidity during linear viscoelastic deformation of asuspended cell. Finally, by using the capacity of optical stretching to producenear-instantaneous increases in cell temperature, we establish that fluidityincreases with temperature---now measured in a fully suspended, sortable cellwithout the complicating factor of cell-substratum adhesion.

Mechanical fluidity of fully suspended biological cells