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We study the control parameters that govern the dynamics of in vitro DNAejection in bacteriophage lambda. Past work has demonstrated that bacteriophageDNA is highly pressurized; this pressure has been hypothesized to help driveDNA ejection. Ions influence this process by screening charges on DNA; however,a systematic variation of salt concentrations to explore these effects has notbeen undertaken. To study the nature of the forces driving DNA ejection, weperformed in vitro measurements of DNA ejection in bulk and at the single-phagelevel. We present measurements on the dynamics of ejection and on theself-repulsion force driving ejection. We examine the role of ion concentrationand identity in both measurements, and show that the charge of counter-ions isan important control parameter. These measurements show that the frictionalforce acting on the ejecting DNA is subtly dependent on ionic concentrationsfor a given amount of DNA in the capsid. We also present evidence that phageDNA forms loops during ejection; we confirm that this effect occurs usingoptical tweezers. We speculate this facilitates circularization of the genomein the cytoplasm.

Ion-dependent dynamics of DNA ejections for bacteriophage lambda