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Bioenergy is currently a major renewable energy source in Europe but faces anunclear future because of conflicting modelling results and the lack oflong-term policy. This paper identifies three challenges and potentialopportunities by reviewing bioenergy historical national deployment, currentpolicy support, and possible future roles in Europe. The first challenge is onthe supply side. Analysing the supply-consumption dynamics and importdependency of EU bioenergy, we find that the security of bioenergy supply ischallenging for liquid biofuels and those countries with the highest per-capitabioenergy consumption in Europe. Second, the definition of sustainablebioenergy in modelling studies is sometimes inconsistent with how EU policieslabel it. Third, on the demand side, there are unique but competing uses forbioenergy without a clear long-term strategy in Europe. We conclude with threeopportunities to tackle these challenges for future research. First, utilisingthe untapped bioenergy potential with low environmental impacts could improvesupply security. A clear and harmonised definition of sustainable bioenergycould better convey modelling results to policymaking. Finally, understandingwhere best to use limited sustainable bioenergy supply through sector-coupledenergy system models can provide direction for a clearer EU bioenergy strategytowards 2050.

Challenges and Opportunities for Bioenergy in Europe: National Deployment, Policy Support, and Possible Future Roles