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Energy saving mechanisms are ubiquitous in nature. Aerodynamic andhydrodynamic drafting, vortice uplift, Bernoulli suction, thermoregulatorycoupling, path following, physical hooks, synchronization, and cooperation areonly some of the better-known examples. While drafting mechanisms also appearin non-biological systems such as sedimentation and particle vortices, thebroad spectrum of these mechanisms appears more diversely in biological systemsincluding bacteria, spermatozoa, various aquatic species, birds, land animals,semi-fluid dwellers like turtle hatchlings, as well as human systems. Wepresent the thermodynamic framework for energy saving mechanisms, and we reviewevidence in favor of the variation range hypothesis. This hypothesis positsthat, as an evolutionary process, the variation range between strongest andweakest group members converges on the equivalent energy saving quantity thatis generated by the energy saving mechanism. We also review self-organizedstructures that emerge due to energy saving mechanisms, including convectiveprocesses that can be observed in many systems over both short and long timescales, as well as high collective output processes in which a form ofcollective position locking occurs.

Energy saving mechanisms, collective behavior and the variation range hypothesis in biological systems: A review