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Living organisms produce metabolites of many types via their metabolisms.Especially, flavonoids, a kind of secondary metabolites, of plant species areinteresting examples. Since plant species are believed to have specificflavonoids with respect to diverse environment, elucidation of designprinciples of metabolite distributions across plant species is important tounderstand metabolite diversity and plant evolution. In the previous work, wefound heterogeneous connectivity in metabolite distributions, and proposed asimple model to explain a possible origin of heterogeneous connectivity. Inthis paper, we show further structural properties in the metabolitedistribution among families inspired by analogy with plant-animal mutualisticnetworks: nested structure and modular structure. An earlier model representsthat these structural properties in bipartite relationships are determinedbased on traits of elements and external factors. However, we find that thearchitecture of metabolite distributions is described by simple evolutionprocesses without trait-based mechanisms by comparison between our model andthe earlier model. Our model can better predict nested structure and modularstructure in addition to heterogeneous connectivity both qualitatively andquantitatively. This finding implies an alternative possible origin of thesestructural properties, and suggests simpler formation mechanisms of metabolitedistributions across plant species than expected.

Global architecture of metabolite distributions across species and its formation mechanisms