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The Cambrian explosion is a grand challenge to science today and involvesmultidisciplinary study. This event is generally believed as a result ofgenetic innovations, environmental factors and ecological interactions, eventhough there are many conflicts on nature and timing of metazoan origins. Thecrux of the matter is that an entire roadmap of the evolution is missing todiscern the biological complexity transition and to evaluate the critical roleof the Cambrian explosion in the overall evolutionary context. Here wecalculate the time of the Cambrian explosion by an innovative and accurate"C-value clock"; our result (560 million years ago) quite fits the fossilrecords. We clarify that the intrinsic reason of genome evolution determinedthe Cambrian explosion. A general formula for evaluating genome size ofdifferent species has been found, by which major questions of the C-valueenigma can be solved and the genome size evolution can be illustrated. TheCambrian explosion is essentially a major transition of biological complexity,which corresponds to a turning point in genome size evolution. The observedmaximum prokaryotic complexity is just a relic of the Cambrian explosion and itis supervised by the maximum information storage capability in the observeduniverse. Our results open a new prospect of studying metazoan origins andmolecular evolution.

The C-value enigma and timing of the Cambrian explosion