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I discuss the conversion of muon counts in air showers, which are observableby experiments, into mean logarithmic mass, an important variable to expressthe mass composition of cosmic rays. Stochastic fluctuations in the showerdevelopment and statistical fluctuations from muon sampling can subtly bias theconversion. A central theme is that the mean of the logarithm of the muonnumber is not identical to the logarithm of the mean. It is discussed how thataffects the conversion in practice. Simple analytical formulas to quantify andcorrect such biases are presented, which are applicable to any kind ofexperiment.

Computing mean logarithmic mass from muon counts in air shower experiments